Histopathological and Biochemical Effects of Acute & Chronic Tramadol drug Toxicity on Liver, Kidney and Testicular Function in Adult Male Albino Rats

Tramadol is a centrally acting opioid analgesic which is mainly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain [2]. Its efficiency and potency ranges between weak opioids and morphine [3]. Tramadol is rapidly absorbed orally; Tramadol has extensive tissue distribution. The bioavailability of tramadol is 70 % its bioavailability is more than that of morphine (1565%) when tramadol is used in multiple or repeated doses, the bioavailability increased to 100%. The complete absorption of tramadol takes place in the upper part of the small intestine. The plasma concentrations of tramadol vary with its form to reach a peak concentration within two hours in capsule form and five for tablets. Tramadol metabolism occurs in liver by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and its by-products are excreted unchanged through the kidneys. Repeated tramadol administration might lead to the accumulation of toxic metabolites in the body, increase the risk for its toxic kinetics effects and/ or decrease the clearance of tramadol, thus increasing its potential for toxicity [4]. Tramadol abuse, dependence as well as acute overdose -related deaths have been increasingly reported especially in young male adults [5]. Being an opioid, tramadol carries all the possible risks known from other opiates [6]. Tramadol can cause psychological and physical addiction similar to that seen with other opiates and opioids [7]. Recently young addicts typically substituted tramadol for herion. Repeated tramadol administration in such patients might lead to accumulation of toxic metabolites in their bodies, increase the risk for pharmacokinetics interactions and or decrease the clearance of tramadol thus increasing its potential for toxicity [8].